[定義][Analytic proposition][Circular definition][Definable set][Definitionism]

[誤謬][Aporia] – State of puzzlement or expression of doubt, in philosophy and rhetoric[Anti-pattern] – Common response to a recurring problem that is usually ineffective or counterproductive[argumentation theory] – Study of how conclusions are reached through logical reasoning; one of four rhetorical modes

[論点先取][Ambiguity][Catch-22] (logic)[Circular definition][Consequentia mirabilis]

[循環定義][begging the question][Circular reasoning][Fallacies of definition][Genus–differentia definition]

[形式的誤謬][apophasis] – Rhetorical device[Cognitive bias] – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment[Demagogue] – Politician or orator who panders to fears and emotions of the public